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Parallel Computing

Parallel computing is a form of computing in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously.Parallel computing operates on the principle that large problems can almost always be divided into smaller ones, which may be carried out concurrently ("in parallel"). Parallel computing exists in several different forms: bit-level parallelism, instruction level parallelism, data parallelism, and task parallelism. It has been used for many years, mainly in high performance computing, but interest in it has become greater in recent years due to physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. Parallel computing has recently become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multicore processors

Parallel computer programs are harder to write than sequential ones because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which raceconditions are the most common. Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks is typically one of the greatest barriers to getting good parallel program performance. In recent years, power consumption in parallel computers has also become a great concern.The speed up of a program as a result of parallelization is given by Amdahl's law.

Background


Traditionally, computer software has been written for serial computation. To solve a problem, an algorithm is constructed which produces a serial stream of instructions. These instructions are executed on a central processing unit on one computer. Only one instruction may execute at a given time - after that instruction is finished, the next is executed

Parallel computing on the other hand uses multiple processing elements simultaneously to solve a problem. The problem is broken into parts which are independent so that each processing element can execute its part of the algorithm simultaneously with others. The processing elements can be diverse and include resources such as a single computer with multiple processors, a number of networked computers, specialized hardware or any combination of the above

Frequency scaling was the dominant reason for computer performance increases from the mid 1980s until 2004. The total runtime of a program is proportional to the total number of instructions multiplied by the average time per instruction. Everything else constant, increasing the clock frequency decreases the average time it takes to execute an instruction. An increase in frequency thus decreases runtime for all computation-bounded program

However, power consumption in a chip is given by the equation where P is power, C is the capacitance being switched per clock cycle (proportional to the number of transistors whose inputs change), V is voltage, and F is the processor frequency (cycles per second).Increases in frequency thus increase the amount of power used in a processor. Increasing processor powerconsumption led ultimately to Intel's May 2004 cancellation of its Tejas and Jayhawk processors, which is generally cited as the end of frequency scaling as the dominant computer architecture paradigm.

Moore's Law is the empircal observation that transistor density in a microprocessor doubles every 18 to 24 months. Despite power issues, and repeated predictions of its end, Moore's law is still in effect. With the end of frequency scaling, these additional transistors (which are no longer used to facilitate frequency scaling) can be used to add extra hardware to facilitate parallel computing.

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