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Home » GATE Study Material » Instrumentation Engineering » Transducers » Resistive Transducers

Resistive Transducers

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Resistive Transducers

A resistive transducer is a device that senses a change to cause a change in resistance.  Transducers do NOT generate electricity.  Examples include:

Device

Action

Where used

Light Dependent Resistor

Resistance falls with increasing light level

Light operated switches

Thermistor

Resistance falls with increased temperature

Electronic thermometers

Strain gauge

Resistance changes with force

Sensor in an electronic balance

Moisture detector

Resistance falls when wet

Damp meter

 

These are called passive devices.  (Active transducers do generate electricity from other energy sources, or have a power supply.)

Light Dependent Resistors

The light dependent resistor consists of a length of material (cadmium sulphide) whose resistance changes according to the light level.    Therefore the brighter the light, the lower the resistance. 

We can show the way the resistance varies with light level as a graph:

The first graph shows us the variation using a linear scale.   The graph on the right shows the plot as a logarithmic plot, which comes up as a straight line.  Logarithmic plots are useful for compressing scales.

LDRs are used for:

  • Smoke detection

  •  Automatic lighting

  • Counting

  • Alarm systems.

Resistive components can get hot when excessive current is flowing through them, and this can impair their function, or damage them.  This can be prevented by connecting a current limiting resistor in series, as shown in the picture below. 

 

Thermistors

The most common type of thermistor that we use has a resistance that falls as the temperature rises.  It is referred to as a negative temperature coefficient device.  A positive temperature coefficient device has a resistance that increases with temperature.

The graph of resistance against temperature is like this.

 

The resistance on this graph is on a logarithmic scale, as there is a large range of values. 

The LDR is most commonly used in a potential divider circuit. 

Potential Divider

  • Although it is simple, the potential divider is a very useful circuit.  In its simplest form it is two resistors in series with an input voltage Vs across the ends. 

  • An output voltage Vout is obtained from a junction between the two resistors.

The potential divider circuit looks like this:

You need to learn this equation.  It is very useful.

This result can be thought of as the output voltage being the same fraction of the input voltage as R2 is the fraction of the total resistance.  Look at this circuit for the next example:



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